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Salmonella typhi is a gram negative bacterium which is responsible for for make disease such astyphoid feverin humans ( also know as enteral fever ) . These type of bacteria are rod shaped and flagellated . Humans are solitary reservoirs for Salmonella typhi bacterium . Salmonella is creditworthy for destruction in most of the developing nation in the main due to poor hygienics and sanitisation , and also due to ingestion of contaminated water and undercooked nutrient . It is hard to entirely eradicate the strains ofSalmonelladue to emergence of multi drug resistance strain ; because of which the new song are resistant to old antibiotic . The first song of Salmonella typhi was isolated from a patient in Vietnam .
What is Salmonella typhi O and H?
Patients affect by typhoid fever produce antibodies against the antigens of Salmonella bacteria . These antigens which are found on the cell surface of Salmonella are known as O and H antigens . The O antigen ( also have sex as somatic antigen ) is rule on the jail cell wall of the bacteria , whereas the atomic number 1 antigen is bring out in the flagellated portion . The flagella found on the control surface of these bacterium facilitate in movement of the organism . The presence of these antigens and production of antibody by the moved individual , due to the answer of their resistant system spring the basis of a symptomatic test called as Widal trial .
Widal test is a specific testing ground tryout , used for diagnosing of typhoid fever . It was developed by Georges Ferdinand Widal in the class 1896 . It is a serological mental testing , where the titre of antibodies produced in the patients serum ( in response to O and H antigens found on the surface of the Salmonella bacteria ) is measured by a process call as haemagglutiation . The presence of O and H antigen are clinically very significant as the antibodies produced in reaction to O antigen ( or IgM ) is note in the former stages of the diseases and it reaches a peak level by the second calendar week of the disease . Antibodies produce in response to atomic number 1 antigen ( or flagellar antigen ) are noted during later phase of the disease and it strain a heyday during the third week of the disease . antibody bring forth in response to H antigens are generally present for a couple of months whereas the antibodies produce in response to O antigen generally cut after 2 calendar week of the disease . This avail us in understanding the hardship and extent of the consideration and thus helps us in rightful treatment planning .
Although , Salmonella strain can be isolated from blood sample distribution , take a shit samplesandurine samples , the most dependable diagnostic test is the Widal test , which puzzle out on the precept of production of antibody against antigen O and H of Salmonella bacterium . Widal test is considered to be positively charged if the O antigen titer is more than the ratio 1:160 ( in an active infection ) ; or if the titer of H antigen was more than 1:160 in past transmission or in immunise mortal .
Which Diseases are Caused by Salmonella Typhi?
Salmonella typhi causes a serious precondition called as Typhoid or enteric fever . It is a contagious disease and it is usually do by eating or drinking food or water supply contaminated by Salmonella bacterium . These bacterium enter the human blood stream and begin to manifold . The condition is associated with symptom such as increase in body temperature ( often up to 104 degree Fahrenheit ) along with generalized weakness , fatigue , loss of appetite , lack of energy , and / ordiarrhoea . enteric fever or enteral fever usually last for about 3 to 4 week with an incubation period of 1 – 2 workweek . Even after stark recuperation , there may be reoccurrence in hereafter or the touched somebody may act as a flattop for a considerable menstruum of time . The treatment depends on the line of bacteria that affects the person . Appropriate antibiotics along with supportive care mostly help the patient . tolerable hydration and tolerable residual is urge for the patient for a speedy retrieval . Vaccines are available , which are urge to be fill in case of travelling program to arena prone to typhoid fever . Besides being in physical contact with contaminated water or intellectual nourishment , occupation such as clinical microbiologist are also at a risk of developing typhoid and thus , should take necessary preventative measure .
Conclusion
Salmonella is a rod shape flagellated bacteria which stimulate typhoid or enteral febrility in human being . They are gm negative in nature and can survive for weeks in contaminated water or even in dry out sewerage area . In the past , Salmonella infection was consider as highly fatal ; however , at present the number of deaths stimulate by salmonella has reduced a lot due to onward motion in music and also due to improvement in sanitisation and hygiene . The diagnosis of salmonella infection is done by a serological examination called as Widal run . It works on the principle of production of antibodies against the O and H antigens found on the cellphone open of Salmonella bacterium . The treatment plan includes antibiotic therapy along with other supportive care .
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