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Listeria monocytogenes is the only coinage of the genus Listeria that affects humankind , mainly serotype 4b1 . It is a small bacteria , of universal distribution , which acts as an intracellular pathogen . It is transmitted orally , from contaminated foods and after bilk the enteral mucosa can produce systemic infections , with a orientation for the placental tissue and the consequent transit to the foetus , as well as the primal nervous system .
The primary habitat of Listeria monocytogenes is veg , although , regarding oral transmission to humans , many nutrient have been involve : unpasteurized fresh cheeses , milk , prepared porc , and volaille dishes , undercooked meat , smoke Pisces the Fishes , seafood , hot dogs , butter and salad . It is considered to be the third foodborne infection with the highest mortality , behind botulism and Vibrio vulnificus . Infections with Listeria monocytogenes commonly appear periodically in the community , mainly in the calendar month of June , July , and August , although eruption have also been described , always in the mannikin of febrile stomach flu ( < 1 % of the total ) .
listeria meningitis in the main bear on newborns of colonized , pregnant , older and immunosuppressed mother . It is very rarefied that it affects immunocompetent fry outside the neonatal menses , and the incidence of neonatal affaire is even decreasing due to the empiric treatment with ampicillin administered to fraught women and to neonatal infectious risks .
However , the world incidence of listeriosis is increase due to variety in solid food use and food processing , the advance of life anticipation and the growth in the numeral and survival of immunocompromised patient .
How Is Listeria Meningitis Treated?
There are no significant clinical features that differentiate Listeria meningitis from the rest of meningitis in pediatric patients ; although in adult it is unremarkably sub - acute . In addition , Listeria monocytogenes can cause cephalitis ( the most frequent bacterial cause ) and mind abscesses .
This diagnostic delay becomes important in that Listeria monocytogenes is not covered by the usual empiric treatment with Claforan and vancomycin since it is resistant to all cephalosporins . Initial improvement may appear in vivo due to vancomycin or corticosteroid intervention , with subsequent worsening .
The appropriate treatment for listeria meningitis is execute with endovenous ampicillin and Garamycin , with a controversial duration . In the clinical practice and in immunocompetent patients , the duration is commonly 3 to 4 weeks in the face of involvement of the central nervous system . from time to time , lumbar puncture will be double at the end of listeria meningitis treatment , and if the positivity of Listeria monocytogenes is maintained , treatment should continue until the negativity of the latter .
The first alternative treatment for listeria meningitis is trimethoprim - Gantanol . In vitro , imipenem , carbapenem , and linezolid also present good reaction ; however , there is less clinical experience , and discourse failures with carbapenem have been describe .
What is Meningitis?
Meningitisis the most relevant presentation and accounts for 5 - 10 % of meningitis acquired in the community , with few instance print in immunocompetent patient role . Meningitis is the excitement of the meninx , which are membrane that pass over the entire central nervous system ( psyche and spinal electric cord ) and the cerebrospinal fluid they contain . This inflammation can have various causes , although the most serious is meningococcal , a shape of bacterial meningitis ; although , it can also be because of viruses , fungi , chemical agents , drugs , etc .
The most frequent symptoms are fever , headache , sickness , and chuck . It may be accompanied by agitation , obtundation and decreased level of knowingness and the show of epileptic seizures and other signs of intellectual involution . The most noteworthy fact in the forcible examen is the rigorousness of the neck opening flexion or neck stiffness . The transmission is different for each microorganism .
The diagnosing is compatible or confirm by the growing of bacteria from cerebrospinal fluid or blood sample distribution , by agglutination tests or by polymerase mountain range reaction ( PCR ) . The identification of the serogroups and the susceptibility mental testing to antibiotics are crucial to define the dominance step . Proper treatment with antibiotics should be start as soon as potential , ideally after the lumbar puncture has been carried out .
Conclusion
In the fount of a summons of meningitis of torpid evolution , Listeria monocytogenes should be taken into story as an aetiologic agent , since it is a pathogenic microorganism of ascent and little - eff relative incidence , not cover by the initial empirical antibiotic therapy and , although sporadically , can impress immunocompetent patient .
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