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About Poliovirus or Enterovirus
Poliovirus is identified as ss - RNA Picornavirus ( individual strand picornavirus ) . The virus is made up of RNA genetic fibril . Poliovirus when ingested pop off into GI organization . The virus in most cases undergoes mutation and prevents antibody product during initial form of infection . Mutated computer virus pull round outside cubicle and in feces when discharged from human body . Mutant poliovirus remains active in feces and become the generator of spread of infection .
Poliovirus is also sleep together as Enterovirus since most transmission event in enteric febrility . Few example following initial GI symptom continues to infect poliomyelitis or poliomyelitis . In less than 1 % cases poliomyelitis virus affects central anxious system . The infection of central spooky scheme results in austere muscle weakness and palsy , known as infantile paralysis . Poliomyelitis or polio is a disabling disease and in most compositor’s case irreversible . The disease resulting in poliomyelitis is discover in vernal small fry less than 5 to 6 years .
How Does Poliovirus Spread?
The gap of poliovirus and its infection is primarily through unwritten path . An septic person can channelize polioviruses through feces or mucosal secretions during the initial asymptomatic phase of disease as well 1 to 2 weeks following disappearance of symptom . The fecal banquet of poliovirus may last for several week in symptomless somebody following infection , since poliovirus remain dynamic in the tissue for several hebdomad .
The poliovirus or enterovirus can live in dormant condition in gastrointestinal system in few individuals and periodically discharges in fecal matter . nutrient and water is often pollute by transmission system of polioviruses from feces to hand to food for thought and piddle . multitude who do n’t have symptom can still make pass the poliovirus to others and make them sick .
Spread of Poliovirus Via Fecal Oral Route:
Poliovirus or Enteroviruses are discharged in ordure during initial phase of infection as well as silent asymptomatic full point . The infected someone contaminate the environment through frequent tactile sensation of anal orbit or improper hand cleaning after pass fecal matter .
Water Contamination
faeces are express through sewer system and handle . toilet and domestic water pipe often lie next to each other . During piece of work , domesticated water system may get contaminated with sewer water lead in rapid spreading of poliovirus or contagion . likewise , well water in settlement in Asia and Africa gets pollute with toilet water . This results in facing pages of poliovirus or enterovirus and polio infection .
Spread of Poliovirus Via Sneezing and Coughing
Poliovirus are present in os nasale and oral caries during asymptomatic or initial phase of contagion . Enterovirus or polioviruses are release in atmosphere during coughing and sneezing . Healthy individuals are let out to this viral infection when they rest infected air .
Contact
Infected child or individual may defame mucus secretion or stool over surrounding article of furniture which becomes a author of scatter of poliovirus . Healthy person become carrier wave as soon as the infect secretion is touch . The spread of enterovirus or poliovirus appears when food is touched with contaminated hands prior to ingest the food for thought . Poliovirus are resistive to acidic secernment of breadbasket .
Risk Factors of Poliovirus or Enterovirus Infection
Symptoms of Poliovirus or Enterovirus Infection
Poliovirus or enterovirus infection is presented as either symptomless or diagnostic condition , mostly detect in children of age less than 5 to 6 year . Poliomyelitis is more or less not seen for last few years in North America and Europe because of effective inoculation platform . Poliovirus infection in 95 % individuals does not do any symptoms .
Symptoms of poliovirus infection are observe in 5 % of the patients infected with poliovirus or enterovirus . Poliovirus symptoms last for 4 to10 solar day but in 0.5 % of patients , computer virus progresses to fan out in central anxious scheme , finally causing severe legal injury of motor nerves , which results in selective muscle weaknesses and paralysis .
poliovirus after 7 to 14 days of initial symptom in 0.5 % of the infected subject rapidly replicate in reticuloendothelial organization , brawn , neuron in spinal cord and medulla oblongata .
Symptoms of poliovirus contagion can be learn in asymptomatic condition , non - neurological common clinical manifestation and neurologic verbal expression of neuromuscular disease .
Asymptomatic Poliovirus Infection
Most study evoke 95 % of the patients are asymptomatic follow poliovirus transmission and transmission is considered as silent transmission . Poliovirus are discharged from the organisation through faeces and during this period , poliovirus can spread through ordure and contact . Few of these patients may indicate mild to temperate muscle pain and may persist carrier of poliovirus for few workweek .
Polio Infection with Non-Neurological Symptoms
The neurologic and musculoskeletal symptoms of poliovirus are not detect in 4.5 % of the affected role during active infection . The following symptoms , which are non - neurological , are observed for 4 to 5 days . The poliovirus spreads in upper and downhearted gastrointestinal ( GI ) mucosal epithelial cells . The upper GI infection is observed in unwritten cavity and esophagus . Lower GI transmission is located in the stomach and bowel . Patient completely recover from this infection but polioviruses may remain active in BM for few week and cause spread of polio infection .
Symptoms and Signs of Poliovirus Infection –
Paralytic or Poliomyelitis Infection-
transmission ensue in paralytic polio is uncommon and seen in less than 0.5 % private suffering with enterovirus or poliovirus transmission . The clinical manifestation is divided in two phases . During first phase , all poliovirus symptoms of the non - neurologic form are observed , which last for 5 to 10 days . The first phase is also known as “ Non - paralyzed Phase ” . The 2nd phase is qualify by symptoms depending on the arena of key unquiet scheme affected by poliovirus transmission . The second phase may last for several weeks .
This stage is fraction in 3 type of spread of poliovirus infection ; spinal , bulbar and acantha - bulbar .
Spinal character of poliomyelitis enterovirus infection affects motor nerves in spinal corduroy .
Bulbar type is do by destruction of motor nerves in myelin oblongata and Lily Pons .
Bulbo - spinal circumstance is keep an eye on when poliovirus attacks motor face in spinal corduroy and medulla oblongata .
The symptoms of poliovirus transmission or paralyzed case during second phase angle of infection let in :
In this type , the watch over symptom of poliovirus are noted .
The bulbar infection when make by poliovirus affects cortex ( genius ) , mid brain , pons and myelin oblongata . The cranial polio viral infection cause cranial nerve damage resulting in deficiency of feeling of discernment , difficulty in swallowing and breathing . In this second type of poliovirus infection , the symptoms noted let in the followers :
Taste- Bulbar poliomyelitis strike cranial nerve which supplies sensory fibre to tongue and taste bud . The nerve damage upshot in lack of hotshot of appreciation .
Swallowing- Swallowing involves contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal and esophageal muscle . The actions of these muscular tissue are controlled by cranial nerve . The paralysis of related ( eighth and tenth ) cranial nerve causes inability to unsay food , which results in puking and difficulties in swallowing .
Breathing- Breathing predominantly take place because of muscular contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm , which is controlled by the cranial cheek . As the cranial nerve gets affected , the breathing too gets affected , which may be an important symptom .
The poliovirus infection affects spinal and bulbar serving of central unquiet organization . The disease do symptoms of spinal anesthesia and bulbar acute anterior poliomyelitis infection .
Meningitis
1 of 25 example of the abortive or non - polio contagion results in symptoms of soft to severemeningitis . Severe meningitis is very rare . Initial symptom keep are the same as image in unsuccessful or non - polio transmission . Later , the follow symptom are note suggest meningitis and further investigation is essential to initiate belligerent treatment :
Post-Polio Syndrome
stake - polio syndrome is return of poliovirus or enterovirus transmission often observed after 15 to 40 long time postdate initial enterovirus infection . The symptoms let in :
Treatment of Poliovirus Infection
The treatment of poliovirus or enterovirus infection primarily depends on the character of infection and the path in which it affects .
Treatment of Abortive or Non-Polio Infection
This include :
Treatment of Paralytic or Poliomyelitis Infection
Prevention of Poliovirus or Enterovirus Infection
Prevention of poliovirus contagion is possible by adopt high banner of personal and community of interests hygienics . Vaccines to prevent infantile paralysis contagion are also available and must be taken as commend by the MD .
Inactivated Poliovirus ( IVP )
Oral Polio Vaccine ( OPV )
Resistance to Infection
Infection or vaccine develop immunity . The contagion and vaccine bring about antibodies IgG and IgM. The antibody secreted specific to poliovirus cover the surface of endothelial cells in gastrointestinal system and also circulate in blood . The increased concentration of anti - poliovirus IgG and IgM antibodies produces immunity against Poliovirus , which helps to weaken the computer virus . The lily-white line of descent prison cell then succeed in destroying the computer virus . Polio vaccine was usable to employ since 1957 .
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