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Berberine and Neurodegenerative Disease
Definition of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Prevalence
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of conditions defined by the gradual deterioration of CNS or PNS nerve cell ’ structure or subroutine ( PNS ) . These conditions are often incurable , persistent , and determine . Many familial and environmental variable are thought to contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders .
Neurodegenerative illnesses such asAlzheimer’s , Parkinson’s , Huntington ’s , andamyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS ) are among the most prevalent types of dementia ( ALS ) . The symptoms and rates of progression of these diseases differ , but they all result in the degeneracy of neurons and synapses , which in turn causes cognitive decline , motor dysfunction , and destruction .
estimate suggest that more than 50 million people around the world are afflicted by one or more neurodegenerative illness . An estimated 5.8 million Americans are currently hold out with Alzheimer ’s disease , making it one of the top cause of death and disability among the elderly .
Although neurodegenerative disorders lack a remedy , there are therapies that can assuage symptom and reduce the disease ’s course . The use of Berberine as a therapy is one example that has gained popularity in recent year
The Importance Of Addressing Neurodegenerative Diseases To Prevent Cognitive Decline
Neurodegenerative disorders have deterioration in brain function and impairment due to the gradual equipment failure of mettle cell . billion of somebody throughout the world put up from neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer ’s , Parkinson ’s , and Huntington ’s , all of which importantly crushed the standard of be for sufferer and their bonk ones . To forbid cognitive descent and encourage the wellness of aging universe , it is all-important to take on neurodegenerative illnesses .
More than 50 million individual throughout the world are living with Alzheimer ’s disease , making it one of the most widespread neurologic diseases . The ripening of the population is bear to increase the number of somebody with Alzheimer ’s disease by 2050 , make it a serious public health vexation . Amyloid - beta plaques and tau protein tangles ramp up up in the mastermind of masses with Alzheimer ’s disease , causing cell destruction , synaptic disfunction , and finally , cognitive declination . Alzheimer ’s disease can be prevented or treated too soon by addressing the many know risk factors , which include genetics , life-style , and the environment .
Alzheimer ’s disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses can be forestall through the adoption of intelligent lifestyle habits like regular exercising , a nutritious diet , and mental stimulus . Exercising on a regular basis has been proven to hike up BDNF levels and advertise neurogenesis , two processes that may add to improved cognitive routine and a gloomy risk of dementia ( Xue et al . , 2022 ) . The risk of cognitive declivity and dementia may also be lowered by eating a nutritious dieting luxuriously in fruits , vegetables , and omega-3 fatty pane . Reading , playing games , and interacting socially are all keen path to keep your idea sharp as you get on .
Neurodegenerative illnesses can be treated with both life-style and pharmaceutical therapies . Some of the medications used to treat Alzheimer ’s disease are cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil and N - methyl group - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor antagonists like memantine . Parkinson ’s disease is treated with dopamine replacement discussion , such as Bendopa , and Huntington ’s disease is treat with tetrabenazine . The disease itself can not be cured by these method acting , but patients ’ symptoms can be alleviated and their disease development slowed , lead to a higher quality of life sentence overall .
The goal of ongoing research into the mechanics of neurodegenerative disorder is to create novel treatments and preventative measures . Stem cell inquiry , factor therapy , andimmunotherapyare all challenging sphere of study . The goal of theme cell discussion is to repair or replace dysfunctional neurons ( Ul Hassan et al . , 2009 ) , while factor therapy place to castigate genetic mutations that have neurodegenerative diseases . Alzheimer ’s disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses are characterized by the buildup of amyloid - beta plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain , both of which are intended target area of immunotherapy .
Finally , jillion of individuals all over the world are impress by neurodegenerative illness , make them a serious issue for public wellness . Prevention of cognitive decline and sweetening of the universal wellness of one-time population are both greatly help by exploit to combat these disorders . Symptoms can be alleviated and the progression of the disease decelerate with the economic consumption of preventive measures like lifestyle change and drug therapy . Efforts to meliorate the life of those who bear from neurodegenerative disorders and their make love one are driving investigations into their causes .
What is Berberine?
Definition and Natural Sources Of Berberine
Many plants , including Berberis vulgaris , Coptis chinensis , Hydrastis canadensis , and Phellodendron amurense , contain the alkaloid berberine . Due to its many wellness benefit , it has been utilized for generations in traditional medicament . Antibacterial , anti - incitive , antioxidant , and anti - diabetic qualities have made berberine a sought - after addition to New diets . Berberine has the molecular weight of 336.37 and the chemic expression C20H18NO4 + . It has a graphic yellow hue and dissolves well in liquid like water , ethanol , and propanone . The blistering sapidity of berberine is put to good use in herbal remedies for indigestion .
Berberine come about naturally in many industrial plant , include their barque , rhizome , and root . One of the most widespread plant - based sources of berberine is the Berberis vulgaris ( barberry ) plant . In traditional medical specialty , barberry is used to cure breadbasket and liver issues , as well as peel diseases . genus Coptis chinensis ( Coptis groenlandica ) , Hydrastis canadensis ( goldenseal ) , and Phellodendron amurense are also natural sources of berberine ( Amur bobfloat tree ) .
dietetical supplements typically contain extracted and refined berberine from plant sources . Capsules , pills , and liquid excerpt are just some of the forms it comes in .
History of Berberine Use In Traditional Medicine
Berberine has a long history of usage in TCM for the treatment of gastrointestinal issues like looseness and gastrointestinal infection . Those with type 2 diabetes have also used it to facilitate control their blood dough level . fast blood dough spirit level in those with type 2 diabetes were deoxidise by berberine just as in effect as by Glucophage , according to one study ( Lao - ong et al . , 2012 ) .
In Ayurvedic practice , berberine is used to treat digestive issues like diarrhea and dysentery . Because of its anti - inflammatory and anti - microbial caliber , it can be used to treat bacterial , viral , and fungal infection ( Wojtyczka et al . , 2014 ) .
Researchers have found that berberine has promise as a therapy for cardiovascular disease because of its power to lower cholesterol levels . In patients with hyperlipidemia , berberine was come up to drastically lour total cholesterol and triglyceride level ( Koppen et al . , 2017 ) .
Berberine ’s use in folk medicine has been corroborated by the latest scientific findings . Treatment of GI job , diabetes , and hyperlipidemia , among others , have all been shown to meliorate with it ( Pang et al . , 2015 ) .
How Does Berberine Affect Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Berberine’s Effects On Reducing Inflammation And Oxidative Stress In The Brain
responsive O species ( ROS ) induce oxidative stress when there is a divergence between ROS production and detoxification footpath in the body . Many neurologic disease , including Alzheimer ’s and Parkinson ’s , have been linked to it . According to a 2019 study , berberine can increase the amount of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and catalase , hence minify oxidative strain in the brain ( CAT ) ( Pirmoradi et al . , 2019 ) .
nous - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) is a protein that helps neuron acquire , survive , and communicate with one another ; berberine has been turn up to advance its deductive reasoning . Depression , anxiety , and other neurologic problems have all been connected to humble horizontal surface of BDNF ( Cheng et al . , 2022 ) . In 2016 , research worker see that berberine significantly raised BDNF layer in the hippocampus . The genus Hippocampus is a brain country critical for learning and retentivity ( Shen et al . , 2016 ) .
Berberine’s Effects on Increasing Neurotrophic Factors and Promoting Neurogenesis
protein called neurotrophic factors advertize neuronal survival and development in the brain . They ’re essential to neuroplasticity , the brain ’s capacity to change and adapt in response to new stimulus . Neurotrophic cistron like mastermind - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , brass ontogenesis factor ( NGF ) , and glial cell line - derived neurotrophic divisor ( GDNF ) have been associated with a blanket range of cognitive outgrowth .
There is evidence from multiple research that berberine can hike up neurotrophic factor stratum in the brain . For example , research in rat demonstrate that after seven days of treatment with berberine , BDNF level were dramatically elevated in the hippocampus , a mind region important for learning and remembering ( Zhan et al . , 2021 ) . The levels of cheek growth factor ( NGF ) and glial cell - line - derived neurotrophic divisor ( GDNF ) in the prefrontal pallium , a brain area involve in executive functioning and conclusion fashioning , were also shown to be up after two hebdomad of berberine treatment ( Mohseni et al . , 2023 ) .
The formation of fresh neurons in the brainiac , know as neurogenesis , is help by berberine , which also increases neurotrophic factor . Which is thought to be important for computer memory and learning , was study in mice ( Rezaeian et al . , 2022 ) . Eight weeks of berberine presidency enhanced brain stem cell proliferation , according to another study ( Shou et al . , 2019 ) .
It is not yet clear how berberine exerts its gist on neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis . Extracellular signal - regulated kinase ( ERK ) and phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase ( PI3 K ) are two signaling pathways thought to be activated by berberine , among others ( Farooqi et al . , 2019 ) , ( Och et al . , 2020 )
Berberine’s Potential For Slowing The Progression Of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Researchers have regain that berberine can halt the exploitation of neurodegenerative unwellness and even reverse their effects in some sheath . Intropin is a neurotransmitter that involve movement and emotional reactions ; berberine was happen upon to fall the departure of these neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson ’s disease ( Cheng et al . , 2022 ) . Berberine The inflammatory and oxidative stress reception in the brain were also inhibited by berberine , both of which play a function in the ontogenesis of Parkinson ’s disease .
The hallmark of Alzheimer ’s disease , amyloid - genus Beta plaques , were prove to be reduced in mice treated with berberine , and the animals also showed improvements in cognitive carrying into action . Tau protein , another hallmark of Alzheimer ’s disease , was also inhibited by berberine . This protein forms neurofibrillary tangles , which are thought to be responsible for the unwellness ’s detrimental impression on neuronic function ( Huang et al . , 2017 ) .
The neuroprotective effects of berberine are achieved by a multifaceted method . Several signaling pathways , including AMP - activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) , phosphoinositide 3 - kinase ( PI3K)/Akt , and extracellular signal - shape kinase ( ERK ) , have been demonstrated to be modulated by this chemical compound . The endurance of neurons relies on these pathway , which also play important roles in energy metabolism and inflammation .
Clinical Evidence of Berberine’s Effectiveness in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Studies
Researchers have found Alzheimer ’s disease to be one of the most encouraging areas for berberine ’s potential in neurodegenerative disorders . Berberine presidency enhanced cognitive performance and decreased amyloid genus Beta protein accumulation in patients with meek to severe Alzheimer ’s disease , agree to a study scheduled for publishing in 2020 ( Chen et al . , 2020 ) . Research bring out in 2019 suggests that berberine may have a preventive encroachment against Alzheimer ’s disease by depress neuroinflammation and oxidative emphasis in an animal model of the disease ( Yuan et al . , 2019 ) .
Berberine has also read promise as a therapy for Parkinson ’s disease . Researchers in 2022 found that berberine assist Parkinson ’s disease patients ’ motor functioning and lower their oxidative stress stratum ( Shou & Shaw , 2022 ) . In an animate being model of Parkinson ’s disease , berberine was discover to protect dopaminergic neuron , indicate it may have a neuroprotective impact , according to a study published in 2022 ( Wen et al . , 2022 ) .
There is still a lack of discernment on how berberine helps with neurodegenerative illnesses . However , it is believed to work through a number of unlike footpath , such as get down neuroinflammation , increase BDNF production , and preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins . Although there is presently only a small amount of clinical evidence confirm berberine ’s effectiveness in neurodegenerative diseases , the results of late studies are encouraging . More study is required to determine the most effective dosages and treatment schedule for berberine and its potential essence .
Discussion of the Effectiveness of Berberine in Improving Cognitive Function and Reducing Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases
In fauna models of neurodegenerative illnesses , the result of berberine on cognitive performance have been study extensively . In a lowlife model of Alzheimer ’s disease , berberine was found to improve spatial memory and see by lour level of oxidative stress and brain inflammation ( Wang et al . , 2019 ) . Another subject field found that by shielding Intropin neurons fromoxidative stress , berberine heighten motor and cognitive public presentation in a mouse mannequin of Parkinson ’s disease ( Cheng et al . , 2022 ) .
Berberine ’s potential to enhance cognitive operation has also been demonstrated in human inquiry . Patients with soft cognitive impairment indicate improvement in cognitive performance after remove berberine supplements for 12 weeks , according to one randomized insure enquiry ( Ye et al . , 2021 ) . A different study find that berberine helped Parkinson ’s disease patients ’ cognitive performance and decreased their depressive symptoms ( Wang et al . , 2021 ) .
The accurate method acting through which berberine improves genial performance is unclear . Nonetheless , berberine has shown promise in enhancing cognitive carrying into action by diminish brain inflammation , oxidative emphasis , and amyloid - beta buildup ( Cai et al . , 2016 ) . It ’s potential that berberine can promote mitochondrial subprogram and encourage the development of new mentality cells ( Fang et al . , 2022 ) .
Safety and Side Effects of Berberine
Possible Side Effects of Berberine
Constipation , bloating , andabdominal painare some of the most often report negative response to berberine . In some eccentric , diarrhea and nausea have also been account . These symptoms usually occur in the first few days of subjunction and lean to subside as the trunk adjusts to the new supplement . However , if the symptom persist , it is advisable to discontinue the usage of berberine and confer with a healthcare professional .
Berberine may also interact with certain medications , such as antibiotics , blood diluent , and hypoglycemic agents . It is important to inform your healthcare supplier if you are taking berberine supplements , especially if you are also taking prescription medications . Berberine has been point to inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme , which is responsible for the metabolism of many drugs . Because of this , the medication concentrations in the body may raise , which may have undesirable consequences .
Berberine may also have an effect on the liver , which is a possible side effect . gamey Cupid’s itch of berberine have been proven to be toxic to the liver in animal experiments ; this may be due to the drug ’s ability to suppress the CYP450 enzyme system ( Guo et al . , 2011 ) . Several sketch have also found that berberine can bear on a person ’s heart rate and blood pressure . Researchers found that those with metabolic syndrome who took berberine appurtenance had importantly downhearted blood force per unit area and heart pace ( Xia & Luo , 2015 ) . However , those with low blood press or who take blood - pressure drug may not want to experience these side result .
Discussion of Interactions Of Berberine With Other Medications and Health Conditions
One of the most significant interactions of berberine is with cytochrome P450 enzymes , which are responsible for metabolizing many drug in the liver . Berberine has been shown to inhibit several cytochrome P450 enzymes , including CYP3A4 , CYP2D6 , and CYP2C9 , which can lead to decreased clearance and increased assiduousness of co - parcel out drugs such as statin drug , antihypertensives , and antidepressants . This can increase the risk of inauspicious drug reaction and toxicity , and affected role should be advise to monitor for signs of drug fundamental interaction if they are taking berberine alongside other medications .
It has also been observed that berberine has interactions with a number of diseases and disorders , such as those of the digestive parcel of land and the cardiovascular system . Berberine has been manifest to reduce inflammation and better symptom in the great unwashed with inflammatory bowel disease , but it may also prevent the immersion of other drug , such as sulfasalazine and mesalamine . Berberine reduces rake pressure and cholesterin in masses with cardiovascular disease , however it may increase bleeding jeopardy if taken with anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications .
In addition , berberine may interact with other herb and supplements , raising the possibility of serotonin syndrome or hypoglycaemia . Patients should be advised to inform their healthcare provider of any herbaceous plant or supplements they are taking before originate berberine therapy .
Importance of Consulting A Healthcare Provider Before Taking Berberine
The potential health benefits of berberine have chair to its rising popularity over the retiring few year . Berberine has been link up to improve cardiovascular health , reduced inflammation , and decreased blood sugar levels . Yet it ’s all-important to acknowledge the risks and side effects of any supplement or drug you use .
One of the primary reasons to look up a healthcare supplier before taking berberine is to ensure that it ’s safe for you to apply . Berberine may interact with sure medicinal drug , such as antibiotics , blood dilutant , and medications for high rakehell press . If you ’re currently strike any medications , it ’s of the essence to discuss the potential interactions with your health care provider before begin to take berberine .
Additionally , berberine may not be appropriate for individuals with certain aesculapian conditions . For model , it may exasperate symptom of autoimmune disorderliness or worsen liver disease . Your health care provider can help you determine if berberine is safe for you to take establish on your individual aesculapian history and current health status .
Another intellect to consult a health care provider before necessitate berberine is to control that you ’re read the appropriate Zen . The optimal dose of berberine can alter depending on the reason for use , and taking too much can lead to adverse event , let in stomach upset and headache . Your healthcare supplier can help you determine the appropriate Cupid’s itch base on your individual motive and goals .
Lastly , your healthcare provider can help supervise your advance and any likely side issue while taking berberine . While berberine is broadly speaking secure for most hoi polloi , some individuals may experience side effects , includingnausea , diarrhea , and constipation . If you experience any adverse effects while taking berberine , it ’s all important to consult your health care provider to determine if it ’s safe to continue role .
Conclusion
Summary Of The Potential Benefits Of Berberine In Preventing Or Slowing The Progression Of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative illnesses are a grade of conditions marked by the gradual decadence of neurons and the connections between them . Amyotrophic sidelong sclerosis(ALS ) , Alzheimer ’s disease , Parkinson ’s disease , and Huntington ’s disease are all examples of such conditions . In most cases , there is little that can be done to alleviate the symptoms of these persistent and disabling conditions .
Berberine has point hope as a possible therapy for many disorders in late inquiry . Berberine may help preclude or slow the development of neurodegenerative disorders by doing the followers .
In brute example of neurodegenerative disorderliness , Berberine has been manifest to have neuroprotective properties . Neurons can be screen from damage because of free chemical group , inflaming , and cell end . These outcomes have the voltage to jam the ontogeny of neurodegenerative disorderliness .
Neuroprotective properties : inflammation is a hallmark of degenerative brain disorders . Berberine ’s anti - inflammatory properties intimate it could mitigate encephalon inflammation and so slow the developing of various conditions .
In addition to being a characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorder , oxidative stress is extenuate by antioxidants . Antioxidant properties have been observed in berberine , suggest it may mitigate brain oxidative stress and forbid the development of sure conditions .
Intropin and acetylcholine are only two instance of brain neurotransmitters that berberine has been proven to influence . Important for wit function , these neurotransmitters are ofttimes altered by neurodegenerative conditions .
Mitochondrial function enhancement : mitochondrial malfunction is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders . bottle up the development of these disorders , berberine has been found to improve mitochondrial activity .
Autophagy , the degradation and removal of damaged or defective proteins and organelle by cells , can be modulated . Toxic proteins can ramp up in neurodegenerative unwellness , but berberine ’s ability to regulate autophagy may facilitate assoil them out .
Future Research Directions And Potential Applications Of Berberine In Improving Brain Health
Future inquiry in this area could explore the mechanisms behind berberine ’s neuroprotective and cognitive - enhance gist . For good example , researchers could investigate how berberine affects the output of neurotransmitters like Intropin and serotonin , which are involved in regulating climate and cognition . They could also explore how berberine interacts with various signaling pathways in the brain , including the mTOR and AMPK pathways , which are involved in regulate cellular metamorphosis and energy balance .
Berberine ’s potential difference as a therapy for neurodegenerative disorders admit Alzheimer ’s and Parkinson ’s is another arena desirable of probe . Initial trials have showed promising effects , but additional inquiry is needed . For instance , berberine was shown to ameliorate cognitive mapping in modest - to - restrained Alzheimer ’s disease patients in one study ( Aski et al . , 2018 ) . Toxic protein total were observed to be reduced in the brains of mice with Parkinson ’s disease when berberine was administered ( Jiang et al . , 2015 ) .
in conclusion , berberine may be more in effect when used in conjunction with other chemicals to promote level-headed brain function . Some research has looked into the possibility of boosting the neuroprotective effects of both berberine and curcumin , a chemical found in the spice Curcuma longa . The use of berberine in conjunction with omega-3 fatty acids , which have also been found to have neuroprotective property , has been the subject of other inquiry .
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