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Berberine and Metabolic Syndrome
Definition of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Prevalence
Type 2 diabetesandheart diseaseare just two of the many chronic illnesses linked to the bunch of risk factor make out as metabolic syndrome . It ’s a worldwide epidemic that regard tens of millions of people . Around 25 % of the human race ’s adult population suffers from metabolic syndrome , according appraisal from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) ( Takamiya et al . , 2004 ) .
High waist circuit , high triglycerides , abject high - density lipoprotein ( HDL)cholesterol , high blood press , and high fast glucose floor are the five peril factors that must be present for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome to be made .
The incidence of metabolic syndrome differs across countries and populations . Studies have depict that it is more prevalent in mortal who are overweight or obese , lead a sedentary modus vivendi , or have a family history ofdiabetesor centre disease .
Berberine ’s possible consumption in treat metabolic syndrome has received a hatful of press as of recent . In persons with metabolic syndrome , Berberine has been prove to improve insulin sensitivity , shorten blood glucose levels , and low cholesterol and triglyceride level . Berberine significantly trim down metabolic syndrome symptom such as abdominal fat , blood sugar , and insulin resistance , according to a meta - analysis of 14 randomise controlled trials ( Y. Ye et al . , 2021 ) .
Berberine has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on other metabolic markers , include the internal secretion adiponectin , which controls glucose and lipoid metabolism . Berberine may serve ameliorate insulin resistance and dilute the risk of developing type 2 diabetes , accord to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . The study find that Berberine increase adiponectin levels in heavy individuals with metabolic syndrome ( Cao & Su , 2019 ) .
The Importance of Addressing Metabolic Syndrome To Prevent Chronic Diseases
About one - third of American people are impacted by metabolic syndrome , making it a significant public health care . It ’s common knowledge that metabolic syndrome increases one ’s risk for recrudesce serious condition like cardiovascular disease , stroke , and type 2 diabetes . Metabolic syndrome has been linked to a 2.6 - fold increased hazard of cardiovascular disease compared to people without metabolic syndrome , according to study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology ( Malik et al . , 2004 ) . Those with metabolic syndrome had a 5 - fold smashing risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes , according to a study published in Diabetes Care ( Lorenzo et al . , 2003 ) .
It is essential to treat metabolic syndrome in fiat to bring down the risk of chronic disease . manage metabolic syndrome and lowering the risk of chronic diseases can be aided by making changes to one ’s lifestyle , such as starting an exercise turn and eat more healthfully . The Journal of the American College of Cardiology reports that people with metabolic syndrome who make these alteration in their lifestyle reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease by 43 pct ( Malik et al . , 2004 ) . modus vivendi intervention were get hold to be effective in lowering the risk of develop eccentric 2 diabetes in masses with metabolic syndrome , according to another survey publish in Diabetes Care ( Lorenzo et al . , 2003 ) .
Medication can also be used to control metabolic syndrome and lessen the likeliness of developing chronic illness . Those with metabolic syndrome may be distribute medicine to assist lower their blood pressure , cholesterin , and glucose degree . A research put out in the New England Journal of Medicine , for instance , found that people with metabolic syndrome who consume two bloodline pressure sensation drugs and two cholesterin meds together reduced their risk of heart disease by 25 % ( Califf et al . , 2008 ) .
What is Berberine?
Definition and Natural Sources of Berberine
Berberine is an alkaloid chemical compound with a yellow color that can be found in various plants , including Chinese golden thread , barberry , Oregon grape , and goldenseal . Berberine ’s anti - incitive , antibacterial , and antioxidant effects have been used for millennium in traditional medicine .
Berberine Can Be Obtained From Different Natural Sources, Which Include:
History of Berberine Use In Traditional Medicine
Huanglian , or berberine , has a long history of utilization in TCM for treating gastrointestinal conditions like diarrhea and intestinal flu . It has also been used in Ayurvedic medicine as Daruharidra to alleviate cutis disease , oculus infections , and urinary piece of land infections as reported in a review clause published in Phytotherapy Research ( Imenshahidi & Hosseinzadeh , 2016 ) .
Berberine is also a significant element in traditional Western herbal medical specialty . Native American tribes employed it to battle a change of ailments , including diarrhea and infections , while in Europe it was used to handle fever and digestive disorders . According to Cicero and Baggioni ’s enquiry study , berberine was utilized in Iran to plow malaria ( Cicero & Baggioni , 2016 ) .
How Does Berberine Affect Metabolic Syndrome?
A increased risk of infection of develop cardiovascular disease , stroke , and diabetes is associated with a cluster of aesculapian problems known as metabolic syndrome . Abdominal corpulency , high blood pressure , diabetes mellitus , high cholesterol , and other coexisting conditions are the usual diagnostic criteria for the syndrome .
Berberine’s Effects On Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity
In the setting of insulin resistance , berberine ’s effect on glucose metabolic process and insulin sensitiveness have late come under examination . Higher pedigree glucose levels , an increased risk of character 2 diabetes , and other wellness problem are associated with insulin electrical resistance , which arises when cells in the trunk become less susceptible to the actions of insulin .
Berberine has been show to improve insulin sensitivity by energise the energy - regulating AMP - activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) pathway . Berberine has been shown to be utilitarian in ameliorate glucose ascendance in people with case 2 diabetes in a number of clinical trials . For instance , a three - calendar month study involving 116 participants with poorly managed diabetes found that those who received berberine had substantially lower fasting line of descent glucose level and superior glucose control overall when compared to those who receive a placebo ( Zhang et al . , 2008 ) . Another cogitation constitute that berberine reduced fast blood glucose levels and increased insulin sensitiveness in mass with type 2 diabetes just as efficaciously as the mutual diabetes discourse metformin . ( J. Yin et al . , 2008 ) .
Berberine’s Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Blood Lipid Levels
lipid are a group of organic mote that are indissoluble in water and wreak an essential role in various corporal functions , include push reposition . However , abnormalities in lipid metabolism can take to the development of lipoid - connect upset , such as lipidemia , characterise by high blood lipoid level .
Berberine is a chemical present in a phone number of plants , and enquiry has shown that it has the power to improve rakehell cholesterol horizontal surface and master lipid metabolism in both animals and man . In animal studies ( Xia et al . , 2011 ) , ( Li et al . , 2018 ) , Serum triglyceride , total cholesterin , and LDL - cholesterol levels are all reduced by berberine , but HDL - cholesterol levels are raised . Berberine has also been shown to minify hepatic lipid accumulation and increase insulin sensitiveness in animals with non - alcohol-dependent fat person liver disease ( Xing et al . , 2011 ) .
Berberine has been record in human trials to have lipid - lowering effects . The serum level of triglyceride , total cholesterin , and LDL - cholesterol were dramatically decreased , while HDL - cholesterol levels were significantly increased , in individuals with hyperlipidemia who admit berberine in a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled experiment ( Zhang et al . , 2008 ) . Another Serum triglyceride and total cholesterin spirit level were observed to be decreased by berberine in another trial of patient with hyperlipemia ( Koppen et al . , 2017 ) .
While Studies evoke that berberine may function by activating AMP - activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) , an enzyme that plays a vital function in regulating energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis , albeit the underlying mechanisms behind berberine ’s effects on lipid metabolism are not yet fully jazz ( Jin et al . , 2017 ) . The enzyme acyl group - CoA : cholesterin acyltransferase ( ACAT ) , which plays a role in both the synthetic thinking and memory board of cholesterol ester , has been shown to be inhibited by berberine ( Wang et al . , 2014 ) .
Berberine’s Effects on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
When an combat injury or infection occurs , the body’simmune systemreacts by releasing rabble-rousing chemicals . Yet when inflammation hold out too long , it can cause serious complication like diabetes , genus Cancer , and heart disease . Berberine is a chemical substance find in nature that has been demo to reduce inflammation . According to research , it can prevent immune cells from making inflammatory cytokine and chemokines . Berberine dramatically decreased inflammation in animals with inflammatory bowel disease , a chronic rabble-rousing bowel disease , by blocking the inflammatory NF - kB signaling nerve tract ( Wang et al . , 2017 ) .
Damage to cellular structures is triggered by reactive oxygen specie ( ROS ) when their output exceeds the body ’s power to detoxify them . Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes like SOD and GPx and decreased ROS generation in the physical structure are responsible for for berberine ’s powerful antioxidant property ( Chandirasegaran et al . , 2017 ) . patient role with metabolic syndrome , which raises the risk of exposure of marrow disease and diabetes , had increase in SOD and GPx activity and decreases in levels of MDA , a house of oxidative stress , when they lead berberine supplements ( Ezabadi et al . , 2019 ) .
genus Cancer bar and treatment may benefit from berberine ’s anti - inflammatory and anti - oxidant property . Human colon genus Cancer prison cell were discovered to be inhibited by berberine ’s ability to induce caspase-mediated cell death while also decrease inflammation andoxidative stress(Jiang et al . , 2022 ) . According to these results , berberine shows promise as a innate component for the treatment and bar of chronic disorders .
Clinical Evidence of Berberine’s Effectiveness in Metabolic Syndrome
Review of Recent Clinical Trials and Studies
Berberine Several clinical tryout and study have examined berberine for its possible participation in treating metabolic syndrome . A total of 1068 people participated in a meta - psychoanalysis of 14 randomized controlled trial , and the results showed that berberine dramatically boosted metabolic indices such blood glucose tier , insulin underground , and lipid profile ( Jiang et al . , 2022 ) , indicating its potential utilization as a treatment for metabolic syndrome .
Berberine was plant to be as efficacious as Glucophage in lowering fast rake glucose and hemoglobin A1c grade in masses with type 2 diabetes in a research compare the two drugs ( J. Yin et al . , 2008 ) . In a study admit 116 patients with metabolic syndrome , berberine was found to have beneficial benefits on cardiovascular health by lowering level of inflammation and oxidative stress ( Hu et al . , 2012 ) .
In add-on to its possible metabolic welfare , berberine has been demonstrate to better bowel wellness by increase gut microbic composition and miscellanea ( Zhang et al . , 2012 ) .
Researchers consider that berberine ’s content to increase glucose consumption , fat acid oxidisation , and insulin sensitivity is what makes it so successful in treating metabolic syndrome . AMP - aerate protein kinase ( AMPK ) is an enzyme that regulates vim metabolic process ( Zhang et al . , 2008 ) .
Discussion Of The Effectiveness Of Berberine In Improving Metabolic Syndrome Markers:
The efficaciousness of berberine in improve metabolic syndrome marker are as follows :
Those with type 2 diabetes may benefit from berberine ’s ability to lour rip glucose levels . Fasting blood glucose degree and the long - term blood sugar direction biomarker HbA1c were both lour by 20 % in a test of 116 patient role with type 2 diabetes . Because of its efficaciousness in depress blood glucose degree , researchers set that berberine might be a practicable choice therapy for mass with character 2 diabetes ( Pang et al . , 2015 ) .
Berberine has also exhibited the potential to lower blood lipid , which include triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and entire cholesterol levels . In a subject field comprise 32 patients with hyperlipidemia , berberine reduced triglyceride levels by 35 % , LDL cholesterol levels by 21 % , and total cholesterol levels by 18 % ( Koppen et al . , 2017 ) . Another study comprising 97 patients with hypercholesteremia found that berberine reduced LDL cholesterol layer by 31.1 % and entire cholesterin level by 28.1 % ( Doggrell , 2005 ) .
Those with high blood pressure may profit from berberine ’s ability to reduce blood pressure . Berberine lowered parentage pressure by 11.9 mmHg in a test involving 116 soul with hypertension , and also lowered diastolic pressure by 7.5 mmHg ( M. T. Suadoni & I. Atherton , 2021 ) . Berberine was observed to thin out systolic blood force per unit area by 10.0 mmHg and diastolic blood line pressure by 5.0 mmHg in another investigation involve 48 patient role with metabolic syndrome ( Marco Tullio Suadoni & Iain Atherton , 2021 ) .
It has been register that berberine can help those who areoverweightor obese lose weightiness . Body weighting was decreased by 5.0 kg , dead body mass index finger by 1.9 kg / m2 , and waist circumference by 4.5 cm in a research including 37 overweight and obese adult who took berberine ( Xiong et al . , 2020 ) . Berberine was observed to reduce organic structure weight by 5.0 kg , eubstance lot index by 1.9 kg / m2 , and waistline circumference by 3.6 cm in another investigation including 80 obese adults ( Amini et al . , 2020 ) .
It is not fully realise how berberine works to reduce index of metabolic syndrome . However , it has been evoke that it may improve glucose and lipid metamorphosis by set off the AMP - actuate protein kinase ( AMPK ) pathway , preventing the absorption of dietetical fat and cholesterol in the bowel , blocking gluconeogenesis , regulating gut microbiota , and decrease insulin resistance through the exertion of anti - inflammatory effect .
Safety and Side Effects of Berberine
Possible Side Effects of Berberine
The potential side effects of berberine are as follow :
Discussion of Interactions With Other Medications and Health Conditions
It is all important to turn over possible interaction with other medication or wellness conditions when taking any medication or add-on .
Importance of Consulting A Healthcare Provider Before Taking Berberine
Consulting a health care supplier before taking berberine is crucial due to its possible fundamental interaction with other medicine . Berberine can inhibit certain enzymes in the liver and intestines that metabolize drug , resulting in high-pitched level of medication in the bloodstream and leading to contrary effects or decreased efficacy . For lesson , berberine can increase the jeopardy of side effects from statins , such as muscle painful sensation and liver price , or potentiate the consequence of rip thinner , such as Coumadin , leading to bleeding .
Those with diabetes or high blood pressure should debar berberine because of its potential effects on profligate sugar and line of descent pressure . Using it with other glucose - turn down drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia due to its ability to cut blood glucose levels by activating AMP - aerate protein kinase ( AMPK ) and boost insulin sensitivity . Similarly , it can get hypotension in persons look at antihypertensive medicines by regulate calcium television channel and lowering oxidative tension .
Furthermore , berberine may have deleterious effects on the gut flora , which is indispensable to oecumenical health . good bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus may see a diminution in diversity and teemingness , whereas timeserving pathogens like Proteobacteria and Firmicutes may see an increase . Irritable gut syndrome , constipation , and diarrhea are just some of the gastrointestinal problems that can result from this ( IBS ) .
Therefore , it is indispensable to look up a healthcare provider before taking berberine , peculiarly if you have underlying wellness conditions or are taking medications . Your health care supplier can measure the potential risks and welfare , advocate certain dosages or formulations based on your case-by-case demand , and supervise your onward motion to assure optimal outcomes . They may also suggest modus vivendi modifications , such as diet and exercise , to heighten the essence of berberine and improve your overall health .
Conclusion
Summary of the Potential Benefits of Berberine in Improving Metabolic Syndrome
The potential reward of berberine in enhancing metabolic syndrome can be sum as follows :
investigate berberine ’s potential value in preventing and plow inveterate disease like Alzheimer ’s , liver disease , and obesity are all promising areas for succeeding written report . In brute experimentation , berberine was discovered to have neuroprotective properties , suggest it may be utilitarian in halt the progression of dementia and other bod of genial decline ( C. Ye et al . , 2021 ) . Berberine has also been found to have hepatoprotective effects that could avail do by liver disease ( Domitrović et al . , 2011 ) . Finally , berberine has been found to have anti - obesity gist in fauna study , suggesting that it may be useful in forestall and treating obesity ( Ilyas et al . , 2020 ) .
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